The authors consider the problem of the computational investigation of cathodic protection electric fields measured for an underground pipeline taking into account the anisotropic nature of soil specific electrical conductivity. A computational experimental method was used to compare the figures for anisotropic soils against the current distribution for a homogeneous half-space; the influence of anisotropy factors and the azimuth conductivity tensor rotation angle for pipeline-enclosing soil on the electrical parameters of cathodic protection of the pipeline were investigated. It was demonstrated that protective capacity can vary significantly for areas close to the drainage points of cathode stations and for defective segments. It was concluded that there is a need to take into account terrain structure (its electrical anisotropy) when there are prerequisites of soil lamination/fracturing, or if its specific electrical conductivity contrast in the lateral direction is in excess of 2–2.5 times.